الجراحة الروبوتية بين الخطأ الطبي والمسؤولية الجزائية

List of Sources

First/ General Books

1- Ahmed Mukhtar Omar, Dictionary of Contemporary Arabic, 1st ed., Entry: Anas, 2008.

2- . Sifat Salamah - Khalil Abu Qura, Challenges and Ethics of the Robotics Age, 1st ed., Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, Issue (196), 2014.

3- . Dr. Abdul Rahim, Dictionary of Loanwords in Modern Arabic and its Dialects, Dar Al-Qalam, Syria, 1st ed., 2011.

4- . Dr. Adel Abdul Nour, Introduction to the World of Artificial Intelligence, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2005.

Second/ Legal Books

1- .Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim, Civil Liability Arising from the Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Damages Caused by Medical Robots, Center for Arab Studies, Egypt, 1st ed., 2024.

2- . Sabreen Jaloub Basht, Civil and Criminal Liability for Damages and Errors of Artificial Intelligence, 1st ed., Center for Arab Studies, Egypt, 2024.

3- . Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanhuri, The Intermediate Treatise on Civil Law, (Vol. 1), Dar al-Shorouk, Cairo, 2010.

4- . Abd al-Razzaq al-Sanhuri, The Intermediate Treatise on Civil Law - Ownership Rights - Vol. 8, Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, Lebanon, 1952.

Third/ Theses and Dissertations

1- Rania Nader Ghaib al-Qadi, Civil Liability for Damages Caused by Artificial Intelligence Robots, Master's Thesis, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan, 2023.

2- Omar Mohammed Munib Idlibi, Criminal Liability Resulting from Artificial Intelligence Actions, Master's Thesis, Qatar University, College of Law, 2023

3- . Mu'tasim Hani Hamdan al-Halayqa, The Legal Classification of Actions of Intelligent Robots, Master's Thesis, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan, 2024.

Fourth/ Research

1- Ahmed Mohammed Fathi Al-Khouli, Civil Liability Resulting from the Illicit Use of Artificial Intelligence Applications, Journal of Jurisprudential and Legal Research, Issue (36), 2021.

2- . Ahmed Mohammed Barak Bin Hamad, Criminal Liability for Medical Robots, Al-Zaytuna University of Jordan Journal of Legal Studies, Volume 5, Issue 31, 2024.

3- Alaa Ahmed Shaheen, The Extent to Which Robots Are Subject to the Provisions of Civil Liability, Damascus University Journal of Legal Sciences, Volume 2, Issue 4, 2022.

4- Ben Aouda Haskar Mourad, “The Problematic Application of Criminal Liability Provisions to Artificial Intelligence Crimes,” Journal of Law and Humanities, University of Tlemcen, Algeria, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2022.

5- Dr. Jamila Menijel, Saida Khawathra, and Ibtissam Khattaf, "The Role of Surgical Robots in Developing the Health Sector: The Da Vinci System as a Model," *Journal of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development*, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2024.

6- Hussein Abdelkader Maarouf and Rifaat Hammoud Thajil, "Civil Liability for Damages Resulting from the Use of Medical Robots," *Journal of Applied Legal Studies*, Volume 2, Issue 2, no publication date.

7- Hamdi Ahmed Saad Ahmed, The Legal Nature of Artificial Intelligence, a paper presented at the Fourth International Scientific Conference held at the Faculty of Sharia and Law in Tanta, entitled: The Sharia and Legal Adaptation of Contemporary Developments and its Impact on Achieving Community Security, Part 3, Issue 4, 2021

8- Khamis Khalid Al-Mansouri and Ayman Mohammed Zein, Civil Liability for Errors in Surgical Robots in UAE Law, University of Sharjah Journal of Legal Sciences, Volume 21, Issue 1, 2024 .

9- Dr. Taha Othman Abu Bakr Al-Maghribi, Criminal Protection from Errors in Artificial Intelligence Technologies (Surgical Robots as a Model), Journal of Jurisprudential and Legal Research, Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Sharia and Law, Damanhour, Issue 43, 2023.

10- Amr Taha Badawi Mohammed, The Legal System of Intelligent Robots, Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, Faculty of Law, Cairo University, 2020.

11- Omar Malallah Al-Muhammadi, The Legal Nature of Intelligent Robots, Al-Bahith Journal for Legal Sciences, University of Fallujah, College of Law, Volume (4), Issue (1), Part (1), 2023.

12- Dr. Emad El-Din Hamed El-Shafei, “Criminal Liability for Artificial Intelligence Crimes,” Journal of Law for Legal and Economic Research, Faculty of Law, Alexandria University, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2019.

13- Kawthar Mansal and Wafaa Shanatliya, "Proving Medical Malpractice in Robotic Surgery: The Da Vinci System as a Model," a paper presented at the National Forum, "The Burden of Proving Medical Malpractice in Public Health Institutions and its Judicial Applications in Algeria," 2021.

14- . Maryam Ahmed Ali Al-Hadari, Robots, Research published by the Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2018.

15- . Mohammed Ahmed Al-Madawi Abdel-Rabou Mujahid, Civil Liability for Robots with Artificial Intelligence, The Legal Journal, Cairo University, Faculty of Law, Khartoum Branch, Volume 16, Issue 1. 2023.

16- . Mohammed Hussein Moussa Abdel Nasser, Criminal Liability for Errors in Robotic Surgery, The Legal Journal, Cairo University, Faculty of Law, Khartoum Branch, Volume 13, Issue 2, 2022.

17- . Mohamed Mohamed Abdel Latif, Liability for Artificial Intelligence Between Private and Public Law, a paper presented at the Conference on the Legal and Economic Aspects of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Faculty of Law, Mansoura University, 2021.

18- . Dr. Mohamed Abdel Rahman Abdel Mohsen, “Criminal Liability for Artificial Intelligence Errors: Application to Medical Robots,” Scientific Journal, Faculty of Sharia and Law, Al-Azhar University, Vol. 2, No. 37, 2025.

19- Dr. Muhammad Badawi Abdul-Alim, Liability Arising from Artificial Intelligence Crimes, Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, no publication year.

20- . Muhammad Abbas Al-Zubaidi and Nour Qais Shahin, The Crisis of Criminal Law in the Face of Artificial Intelligence Crimes, Al-Zaytuna University of Jordan Journal of Legal Studies, 2024.

21- . Nihal Hamdi Ibrahim Zeidan, "Criminal Liability for Artificial Intelligence Errors in Medicine," a paper presented at the Faculty of Law Conference, Ain Shams University, on the Legal and Economic Challenges and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 66, Issue 3, 2024.

22- Dr. Yahya Ibrahim Dahshan, Criminal Liability for Artificial Intelligence Crimes, Journal of Sharia and Law, Faculty of Law, United Arab Emirates University, Issue 82, 2020.

Fifth/ Laws

1. Iraqi Civil Code, No. (40) of 1951

2. Egyptian Civil Code, No. (131) of 1948

3. Iraqi Penal Code, No. 111 of 1969

4. Egyptian Penal Code, No. 58 of 1937

Sixth/ Websites

1. Article published on the following website, accessed January 28, 2025: https://www.probotcorp.com

2. Robotic Surgery, article published on the following website, accessed February 10, 2025: https://mustafasofikerim.com.tr/ar