الضوابط القانونية للقرار الإداري الصادر عن الذكاء الاصطناعي: دراسة تحليلية في ضوء التشريع العراقي

• Constitutions and Law

• Civil Service Law No. 24 of 1960 (as amended).

• Constitution of the Republic of Iraq, 2005.

• Discipline of State and Public Sector Employees Law No. 14 of 1991.

• Electronic Signature and Electronic Transactions Law No. 78 of 2012.

• State Council Law No. 65 of 1979 (as amended).

• United Arab Emirates Personal Data Protection Law No. 45 of 2021.

Books

• Al-Fakhri, S. A. (2018). Psychology of intelligence. Jordan: Academic Book Center.

• Al-Helou, M. R. (2004). Principles of administrative law (Vol. 1). Beirut: Al-Halabi Legal Publications.

• Al-Tamawi, S. M. (1984). The general theory of administrative decisions: A comparative study (Vol. 1). Cairo: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.

• Ba’ali, M. S. (2005). Administrative decisions. Algeria: Dar Al-Uloom for Publishing and Distribution.

• Basyuni, A. G. (1991). Administrative law (Vol. 1). Alexandria: Al-Ma’aref Publishing.

• Ibrahim, K. M. (2022). The legal regulation of artificial intelligence. Alexandria: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jami’i.

• Kanaan, N. (2002). Administrative law. Amman: Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution.

• Khalifa, A. A. A. (2004). General principles of administrative contracts. Cairo: Dar Al-Nahda.

• Shatnawi, A. K. (2003). Concise administrative law. Jordan: Dar Wael for Publishing and Distribution.

Research Articles

• Abdul, W. R., & Abdul, R. R. (2025). The impact of modern technology in improving administrative performance and developing laws in Iraqi universities. College of Kut University Journal of Humanities, Special Issue on the Proceedings of the Third Conference of the College of Law, University of Wasit, 417–427.

• Abu Mughli, M. (2019). The legality of the administrative decision in Jordanian legislation: A comparative study. Journal of Law, 43(2).

• Ahmed, A. R., & Hussein, F. R. (2024). The scope of application of the Iraqi Electronic Signature and Electronic Transactions Law in terms of subject matter: A comparative study. Journal of Political and Security Studies, 4, 37–74.

• Al-Amili, S. S. (2012). The position of the administrative judiciary regarding the defect of jurisdiction in the administrative decision. College of Education Journal – University of Wasit, (11).

• Al-Fatlawi, A. K. H. (2021). The evidentiary authority of the administrative decision: A comparative study. Al-Muhaqqiq Al-Hilli Journal for Legal and Political Sciences, 13(1), 635–671.

• Al-Jubouri, Y. M. A. (2020). The evidentiary authority of electronic signature: A comparative study. College of Law Journal for Legal and Political Sciences, 9(32).

• Al-Shammari, A. A. Z. (2024). Provisions of the electronic administrative decision: A comparative study. Misan Journal for Comparative Legal Studies, 1(10), 316–369.

• Al-Shammari, H. J., & Al-Saidi, A. R. J. (2021). Requirements for implementing e-governance in Iraq: An exploratory study of the views of a sample of managers and employees at the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 27(126), 206–223.

• Al-Shukri, A. Y., & Abdul-Kadhim, M. S. (2015). The administration’s authority in supervising the implementation of the administrative contract. Kufa Journal of Legal and Political Sciences, 7(25).

• Amer, H. A. (2019). The electronic administrative decision in the jurisprudence and rulings of the Egyptian State Council. Journal of Legal and Economic Research, (63).

• Jasim, Z. K., & Al-Ghazali, F. R. (2024). Digital transformation and its impact on high performance in Iraq’s public sector organizations. Al-Ghari Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 20(00). https://doi.org/10.36325/ghjec.v20i00.17024

• Kareem, A. S. (2022). The legal aspects of artificial intelligence. Journal of Jil for Legal Research, 54. https://doi.org/10.33685/1545-000-054-003

• Kareem, S. A. (2022). The legal regulation of artificial intelligence: A comparative study. Karbala: Karbala University, College of Law.

• Kazem, F. A., & Ne’mah, A. A. H. (2024). The impact of digital transformation on enhancing operational efficiency: An exploratory study of a sample of employees at Karbala Governorate Office. Iraqi Journal of Administrative Sciences, 20(81).

• Mahmoud, R. Q. (2024). Civil liability arising from smart contracts in light of the Iraqi Electronic Transactions Law. Iraqi University Journal, 62(2), 479–490.

• Morsi, H. M. (2018). Controls of the administrative decision. Journal of Law for Legal and Economic Research, 1(1-A), 122–212.

• Nassar, M. Y. A. (2023). Legal liability of artificial intelligence. The Legal Journal, 17(7), 1489–1512. https://jlaw.journals.ekb.eg/article_313292.html

• Ne’mah, N. H. (2024). The impact of artificial intelligence on achieving sustainable development. Journal of Economic and Financial Studies, 5(4).

• Shareef, A. (2021). The electronic administrative decision and its legality. Tikrit University Journal of Law, 5(4).

Websites

• Qanabita, R. A. (2024, October 8). Civil liability and artificial intelligence. Retrieved May 11, 2025, from Wadaq Legal Encyclopedia: https://wadaq.info/المسؤولية-المدنية-والذكاء-الاصطناعي