التنظيم القانوني لجرائم الكراهية والتمييز في المواثيق الدولية والتشريعات الوطنية

sources and references

First/Books:

1. Ahmed Fathi Sorour, Constitutional Protection of Rights and Freedoms, Dar Al-Shorouk, Second Edition, Cairo, Egypt, 2000.

2. Mukhlis Mahmoud Hussein, Constitutional Justice in Iraq from an Arab and International Comparative Perspective, Hatrik Publishing House, Erbil, 2025.

Second/Research Papers:

1. Nibras Salem Khudair, Hate Crimes (An Analytical Study of the Causes and Legal and Social Treatments), Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Law and Political Science, Part 1, Issue 1, Volume 16, 2025.

2. Adel Yousef Abdel-Nabi Al-Shukri; Rahma Jassim Mohammed, Forms of Criminal Behavior in the Crime of Sectarian Incitement, Research Extracted from a Master's Thesis, Al-Kufa Journal, Issue 45/2, 2018.

3. Alia Zakaria, Alia; Jamal and Baravi, The Crime of Contempt of Religions in International and National Law, Sharia and Law Journal, Issue 76, 2018. Third/ Theses and Dissertations:

1. Karrar Muhammad Fadhil Al-Hussein, The Crime of Sectarian Incitement in Lebanese and Iraqi Law, Master's Thesis, Faculty of Law, Islamic University, Lebanon, 2020.

2. Aziz Sami Hussein, The State and Freedom of Belief (A Comparative Study), Doctoral Dissertation, Islamic University, Lebanon, 2019.

Fourth/ Legislation:

1. International Agreements:

1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1946.

2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.

3. European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.

4. European Social Charter of 1961 (as amended). 5. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 1965.

6. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.

7. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 1979.

8. The Arab Charter on the Rights of the Child of 1983.

9. The Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989.

10. The Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief of 1981.

11. The Arab Convention for Combating Terrorism of 1998.

12. The Arab Charter on Human Rights of 2004.

13. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 2021.

2. Constitutions:

1. The Constitution of the United States of America of 1787.

2. The Constitution of Iraq of 2005 (in force).

3. The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt of 2014 (as amended). 3. 3. Laws:

1. Egyptian Penal Code No. 58 of 1937 (as amended).

2. Civil Rights Act of 1968.

3. Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 (as amended).

4. California Penal Code of 1872.

5. Anti-Burning of Churches Act of 1996.

6. National Union of Iraqi Students Law No. 26 of 1997.

7. Private Printing Presses Law No. 5 of 1999.

8. Labor Law No. 12 of 2003.

9. Iraqi Anti-Terrorism Law No. 13 of 2005.

10. Matthew Sheppard Hate Crime Prevention Act of 2009.

11. Ministry of Education Law No. 22 of 2011 (as amended).

12. Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Special Needs Law No. 38 of 2013 (as amended). 13. Iraqi Media Network Law No. 26 of 2015.

14. Political Parties Law No. 36 of 2015.

15. Labor Law No. 37 of 2015.

16. Sports Law No. 71 of 2017.

17. Iraqi National Oil Company Law No. 4 of 2018.

18. Press and Media Regulation Law No. 180 of 2018.

19. Civil Society Organization Regulation Law No. 149 of 2019.

20. Colorado State Code of 2020.

21. Alaska State Penal Code of 2023.

22. Indiana State Penal Code of 2025.

23. Alabama State Penal Code of 2025.

4. Regulations and Instructions:

1. Election Campaign Regulation No. 5 of 2020.

2. Student Discipline Instructions in Institutions of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.

Fifth/ Websites:

1. An analytical article published on a website affiliated with ORCEED MIGRATION REVIEW, at the following link: https://n9.cl/j356j, accessed April 9, 2026, at 10:19 PM.

2. Weeks, Dred Scott v. Sandford, an article published on the following website: https://n9.cl/f9bbz, accessed April 4, 2026, at 6:00 PM.

3. Schaefer, Chelsea Parrott, The Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S Constitution, an article published on the following website, accessed April 4, 2026, at 10:43 PM.

Seventh/ Foreign Sources:

1 A. Monopoli _ Pula ، The Nineteenth Amendment and Dobbs، Research paper in legal studies in Maryland.

2_.Carter,Jr Wiliam M,(2012) The Abolition of Slavery in the United States( Historical Context and Its Contemporary Application), Legal Studies Research Paper Series Working Paper No. 2015-42 December 2015, In The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary (Jean Allain, ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2012.

3_L.Smith, _Michael ,(2024) State Constitutional Prohibitions of Slavery and Involuntary Servitude, Washington Law Review, Volume( 99), Number (2), St. Mar y' s University School of Law.