المسؤوليَّة المدنيَّة النَّاشئة عن التصرُّف بالأعضاء البشريَّة
الكلمات المفتاحية:
(المسؤوليَّة المدنيَّة، زراعة الأعضاء، الاتِّجار بالأعضاء البشريَّة، التبرُّع بالأعضاء، الخطأ الطبي) .الملخص
يُعد التصرُّف في الأعضاء البشريَّة من القضايا القانونيَّة المُعقَّدة التي تثير جدلًا واسعًا؛ نظرًا لتداخُلها بين التطوُّر الطبيِّ ومُتطلَّبات الحماية القانونيَّة للأفراد. ومع تزايُد الحاجة إلى زراعة الأعضاء، برزتْ إشكاليَّةٌ قانونيَّةٌ تتعلَّق بالتَّوفيق بين تسهيل عمليَّات التبرُّع وحظر الاتِّجار غير المشروع، وهو ما دفع المُشرِّعين إلى وضع أُطُرٍ قانونيَّةٍ تُحدِّد المسؤوليَّة المدنيَّة النَّاشئة عن التصرُّف في الأعضاء البشريَّة. وتنبُع أهمِّيَّة هذه الدِّراسة من الحاجة إلى تحليل هذه الأُطُر القانونيَّة، لا سيَّما في ظلِّ تنوُّع النهج التَّشريعيِّ بين الدول في التَّعامُل مع هذه المسألة. على المُستوى التَّشريعيِّ، تبنَّى القانونُ العراقيُّ رقم 11 لسنة 2016، والقانونُ المصريُّ رقم 5 لسنة 2010 أحكامًا واضحةً لحظر الاتِّجار بالأعضاء البشريَّة، مع وَضْع شروطٍ صارمةٍ لتنظيم عمليَّات الزرع، بما في ذلك ضرورةُ أنْ يكونَ التبرُّع طوعيًّا ومجانيًّا وخاضعًا للرَّقابة الطبيَّة. تتناول هذه الدِّراسةُ تحليلَ مفهوم المسؤوليَّة المدنيَّة النَّاشئة عن التصرُّف في الأعضاء البشريَّة، من خلال مُقارنةٍ بين التَّشريعات المُختلفة، مع التركيز على مدى فاعليَّة هذه القوانين في الحدِّ من الاتِّجار غير المشروع، وحماية المُتبرِّعين والمُتلقِّين، وتحقيق التَّوازُن بين التطوُّر الطبيِّ ومُتطلَّبات العدالة القانونيَّة.
المراجع
Sources and References
First/ Books:
1. Al-Jumaili, Asaad, Errors in Civil Medical Liability, A Comparative Study, Dar Al-Thaqafa Publishing House.
2. Al-Sarraj, Karima, (2006), Human Organ Transplantation Operations, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo.
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2. Boutouil, Rokia, (2015-2016), Criminal Liability for the Transplantation of Human Organs in Algerian Legislation, Master's Thesis, Mohamed Khider University of Biskra, Faculty of Law and Political Science.
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5. Abdel Daim, Ahmed, (1995), Human Body Organs within Legal Transactions, PhD Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Robert Schuman University of Strasbourg, Al-Halabi Legal Publications, Beirut.
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Fourth/ Foreign Judicial Decisions:
1. Court of Cassation, Civil Chamber, Decision No. 112233 of November 18, 2020, published in the Revue de Jurisprudence Médicale, France, 2020 year.
2. Court of Appeal, Civil Division, Decision No. 44556 of 25 February 2021, published in Medical Law Journal, United Kingdom, year 2021.
3. Cassation session, civil chamber, decision no. 98765 on September 12, 2021, published in the Droit Medical Revue, France, June 2024.
4. Cassation session, civil chamber, decision no. 98765 on September 12, 2021, published in the Droit Medical Revue, France, April 2021.
5. Cassation session, civil chamber, date no. 12345 on March 10, 2023, published in Jurisprudence Medical, France, June 2023.
6. Court of Appeal, Civil Division, decision no. 67890 of 15 June 2022, published in Medical Law Review, United Kingdom, year 2022.
Fifth/ Foreign references:
1. Mason, J.K., & Laurie, G.T., (2011), Mason and McCall Smith's Law and Medical Ethics, 8th edition, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom,.
2. Isabelle, Moine, (1997), Les choses hors commerce: approche de la personne humaine juridique, 1ère edition, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, France.