الحماية القانونية لخصوصية المعلومات في عصر القرارات الخوارزمية

Sources and References

• The Holy Quran

First - Dictionaries and Linguistic Lexicons:

1. Dr. Ahmed Mukhtar Abdel Hamid Omar, Dictionary of Contemporary Arabic, Volume 1, 1st Edition, Dar Alam Al-Kutub for Publishing, Distribution and Printing, Cairo, 2008.

2. Sheikh Imam Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Abd al-Qadir al-Razi, Mukhtar al-Sahah, no edition number, Library of Lebanon, Beirut, 1986.

3. Dr. Abdel Ghani Abu al-Azm, Al-Ghani al-Zahir Dictionary, Part 2, 1st Edition, Al-Ghani Foundation for Publishing and Distribution, Rabat, 2013.

4. Dr. Louis Maalouf, S.J., Al-Munjid in Language, Literature and Media, 19th Edition, Catholic Press, Beirut, 2009.

5. Majd al-Din Muhammad ibn Yaqub al-Fayruzabadi, Al-Qamus al-Muhit, no edition number, Dar al-Hadith for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Cairo, 2008.

Second - Arabic Books:

1. Dr. 1. Ahmed Fathi Sorour, The Mediator in Criminal Procedure Law (Part One), 1st ed., Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 1985.

2. Dr. Bassem Mohamed Fadel Madbouli, The Right to Privacy: Between Absolute and Restrictive, 1st ed., Dar Al-Jami'a Al-Jadeeda, Alexandria, Egypt, 2018.

3. Dr. Bassem Mohamed Fadel Madbouli, Civil Liability for Damages from Digital Data Processing (A Comparative Study), 1st ed., Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jami'i, Alexandria, Egypt, 2023.

4. Dr. Hossam El-Din Kamel Al-Ahwai, The Right to Respect for Private Life: The Right to Privacy (A Comparative Study), 2nd ed., Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 2002.

5. Dr. Ramadan Abu Al-Saoud, The General Theory of Rights, 2nd ed., Dar Al-Jami'a Al-Jadeeda, Alexandria, Egypt, 2014.

6. Dr. Sarah Nemat Ahmed Al-Bayati, Civil Protection of the Right to Private Life: The Right to Privacy (A Comparative Study), 1st ed., Dar Misr for Publishing and Distribution, Cairo, 2024.

7. Dr. Abdullah Abdul Karim Abdullah, Cybercrimes and the Internet (Electronic Crimes): A Comparative Study, 1st ed., Al-Halabi Legal Publications, Beirut, 2007.

8. Dr. Ali Ahmed Abdul Zaghbi, The Right to Privacy in Criminal Law (A Comparative Study), 1st ed., Modern Book Foundation, Tripoli, Lebanon, 2006.

9. Dr. Mahmoud Ahmed Taha, Legislative Confrontation of Computer and Internet Crimes (A Comparative Study), 1st ed., Dar Al-Fikr for Publishing and Distribution, Egypt, 2012.

10. Dr. Mahmoud Abdul Rahman Muhammad, The Scope of the Right to Privacy, 1st ed., Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 1994.

11. Dr. Mustafa Ahmed Abdul Jawad Hijazi, The Civil Liability of Journalists for Violating the Sanctity of Privacy, 1st ed., Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 2004.

Third - Scientific Research:

1. Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed Attia, "Legal Protection of Privacy in Light of the Development of Artificial Intelligence Technologies," published research, *Tweeger Journal*, College of Law, Soran University, Erbil, Iraq, Volume 7, Issue 2, 2024.

2. Noha Abdul Khaliq Ahmed, "Violation of the Right to Privacy within the Framework of Public International Law Rules," published research, *Tikrit University Journal of Law*, College of Law, Tikrit University, Volume 9, Issue 4, Part 1, 2025.

Fourth - Theses and Dissertations:

1. Ahmed Akram Abdul Obeidi, "Legislative and Administrative Guarantees for the Protection of the Right to Privacy in the Field of Social Media," Master's Thesis, Faculty of Law, Mansoura University, Egypt, 2020.

2. Shireen Hamid Ali Al-Jaf, "The Criminal Violation of the Right to Privacy Using Modern Photography and Communication Technologies (A Comparative Study)," Master's Thesis, College of Law and Political Science, Kirkuk University, 2019.

3. Diaa Hussein Latif, "The Right to Individual Privacy in Comparative Legislation," Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Law, Islamic University, Lebanon. 2018.

4. Muhammad Hussein Jassim, The Right to Privacy in the 2005 Constitution of the Republic of Iraq (A Comparative Study), Master's Thesis, College of Law, University of Basra, 2013.

Fifth - Online Articles:

1. The Right to Privacy in Egyptian Laws: Legislative Obstacles and Incomplete Steps, an article published on the website https://masaar.

net/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/The-Right-to-privacy-in-Egyptian-laws.pdf.

2. Zainab Saleh Muhammad, The Danger of Artificial Intelligence to the Right to Privacy and the Right to Work, an article published on the website https://www.fdhrd.org.

Sixth - Legislation:

• International Declarations, Charters, and Agreements

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.

2. European Convention on Human Rights of 1950.

3. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.

4. American Convention on Human Rights of 1969.

5. Council of Europe Convention No. 108 of 1981.

6. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights of 1981.

7. Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989.

8. Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000.

9. Arab Charter on Human Rights of 2004.

10. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 2006.

11. ASEAN Declaration on Human Rights of 2012.

12. Council of Europe Framework Convention on Human Rights of 2024.

• Constitutions

United States Constitution.

1. The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005, currently in force.

2. The Egyptian Constitution of 2012, which was repealed.

3. The Egyptian Constitution of 2014, as amended.

• Laws and Regulations

1. The Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, as amended.

2. The British Police and Forensic Evidence Act of 1984, as amended.

3. The Illinois Biometric Privacy Act (BIPA) of 2008, as amended.

4. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of 2018, currently in force.

5. The Egyptian Cybercrime Law No. 175 of 2018, currently in force.

6. The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) of 2020, as amended.

7. The Egyptian Personal Data Protection Law No. 151 of 2020.

Seventh - Websites:

1. The website https://perma.cc/M8ME-RZSB. 2. Website: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/blogs/what-is-secure-multiparty-computation

3. Website: https://www.haynesboone.com

4. Website: https://www.invoca.com/blog/what-is-black-box-ai

5. Website: https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/privacy/sr/pages/srprivacyindex.aspx

6. Fully Symmetric Encryption (FHE) Website: https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/homomorphic-encryption

7. Differential Privacy Website: https://digitalprivacy.ieee.org/publications/topics/what-is-differential-privacy

8. Nuffield Bioethics Council Official Website: https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org 9. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) website: https://gdpr.eu/what-is-gdpr

10. Almaany website: https://www.almaany.com

11. California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) website: https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/ccpa-compliance

12. University of Minnesota Human Rights Library website: https://hrlibrary.umn.edu

VIII. Foreign Sources:

1. Asean Telecommunications and Information Technology Ministers Meeting (Telmin) Framework on Personnel Data Protection

2. Ben Chester Cheong, Transparency and accountability in AI systems: safeguarding wellbeing in the age of algorithmic decision-making, Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 2024.

3. Case of Roman Zakharov V. Russia (Application no. 47143/06), European court of human rights, grand chamber, Strasbourg 4 December 2015.

4. Case of S. and Marper V. the United Kingdom, (Applications nos. 30562/04 and 30566/04), European court of human rights, grand chamber, Strasbourg, 4 December 2008.

5. Data Protection Working Party (2018), Guidelines on Automated Individual Decision-Making and Profiling for the Purposes of Regulation.

6. Dr. Khushbu Pareek & Dr. Santosh Sharma, Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Privacy Rights, Seejph Volume xxxvl, S1, 2025.

7. Graham Greenleaf, Global Data Privacy Laws 2021: Despite Covid Delays, 145 Laws Show GDPR Dominance, (2021) 169 Privacy Laws & Business International Report 1.

8. Ishita Verma, Privacyin Theage of Disruptive Technologies and the Law, IIP Series, 2024.

9. Jamal Greene, The So-Called Right to Privacy, University of California, Davis, Vol. 43, 2010.

10. Karl Manheim and Lyric Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence: Risks to Privacy and Democracy, the Yale Journal of Law & Technology Vol. 21, 2019.

11. Lillian Edwards & Michael Veale, Slave to the Algorithm? Why A’ right to An Explanation is Probably Not The Remedy you are Looking for, Duke Law & Technology Review, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2017.

12. Lydia F de la Torre, A guide to the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, Santa Clara Law Privacy Certificate, 2018.

13. Mayer-Schönberger, Big data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work and think. An Eamon Dolan Book Houghton Mlfflin Harcourt Boston New York, 2013.

14. Miriam Kohn, Clearview AI, TikTok, and the Collection of Facial Images in International Law, Chicago Journal of International Law, 2023.

15. Moriah Daugherty and Others, the perpetual line-up: Unregulated police face recognition in America, Georgetown Law, Center on Privacy & Technology, 2016.

16. Raja Siddharth Raju and Others, Aadhaar Card: Challenges and Impact on Digital Transformation, Manav Rachna International University, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, India, 2017.

17. Sandra Wachter, the Theory of Artificial Immutability: Protecting Algorithmic Groups under Anti-Discrimination Law, Tulane Law Review, 2022.

18. Tareq AL-Billeh & others, the Risks of Using Artificial Intelligence on Privacy and Human Rights: Unifying Global Standards, Jurnal Media Hukum, 31(2): 333-350, Vol. 31, No. 2, December 2024.

19. The Dawn of Artificial Intelligence, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Space, Science, and Competitiveness of the Committee On Commerce, Science, and Transportation united States Senate one Hundred fourteenth Congress Second Session, 2016.

20. Toriqul Islam, A Brief Introduction to the Right to Privacy – An International Legal Perspective, University of Malaya, Malaysia, and is the research fellow at the Faculty of Law, Globalex, 2022.