إشكالية إثبات الجرائم القائمة على الإمتناع وأثرها في عبء الإثبات الجنائي

References

First: Books

1. Ahmed, M. K., & Al-Zibari, B. Y. H. (2017). Criminal Protection of the Presumption of Innocence with Constitutional International Dimensions: A Comparative Study (1st ed.). Arab Center for Publishing and Distribution.

2. Al-Asadi, D. A. A. J., & Hussein, M. S. (2018). The Accused and the Principle of Innocence in the Criminal Procedure Code: A Comparative Study (1st ed.). Zein Legal Publications.

3. Ayoub, M. A. M. (2003). The General Theory of Omission in Criminal Law. Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

4. Behnam, R. (1993). Trial and Appeal of Judgments. Manshat Al-Ma’aref.

5. Al-Ruhaymi, J. (2006). Provisions of Nullity in the Criminal Procedure Code (2nd ed.). The Legal Library.

6. Salem, O. (1991). Towards Facilitating Criminal Procedures: A Comparative Study (1st ed.). Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

7. Salama, M. (1976). Penal Code: General Section – The Crime. Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.

8. Sulaiman, A. (n.d.). Explanation of the Algerian Penal Code: General Section – The Crime (Vol. 1). University Press Office.

9. Al-Sanhuri, A. R. (1968). Al-Waseet in Explaining the New Civil Law (Vol. 2). Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

10. Al-Sharji, B. M. (2018). Abortion between Criminalization and Legality: A Comparative Study (1st ed.). Arab Center for Publishing and Distribution.

11. Al-Saifi, A. F., & Tharwat, J. (2005). The General Section of the Penal Code. University Press House.

12. Abdullah, S. H. A. (2005). Explanation of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Dar Ibn Al-Atheer for Printing and Publishing.

13. Abdul Muttalib, I., & Sobhi, S. (2011). Modern Criminal Encyclopedia in Explaining Moroccan Criminal Law (1st ed.). National Center for Legal Publications.

14. Ali, A. A. B. (2011). Doctors' Crimes and Criminal and Civil Liability for Medical Errors between Sharia and Law (1st ed.). Dar Al-Ulum for Publishing and Distribution.

15. Qasim, M. H. (2004). Proving Fault in the Medical Field. New University Publishing House.

16. Al-Qahwaji, A. A. Q. (n.d.). Explanation of the Penal Code: General Section – A Comparative Study. Halabi Legal Publications.

17. Lutfi, S. A. (2004). Procedural Legitimacy and Human Rights. Mansoura University Faculty of Law Press.

18. Al-Majali, N. T. (2005). Explanation of the Penal Code: General Section (1st ed.). Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution.

19. Marwan, M. (1982). The System of Criminal Evidence in Criminal Matters in Algerian Positive Law (Vol. 1). University Press Office.

20. Al-Mazouri, W. S. (2009). Guarantees of the Accused in Criminal Proceedings (1st ed.). Dar Al-Hamid for Publishing and Distribution.

21. Mustaf, W. H., & Al-Sara, A. T. J. (2023). Criminal Responsibility for Refraining from Relieving the Distressed and the Right to Life amidst Epidemics: Between Legality and Criminalization. New University House.

22. Melhem, M. H. A. (2015). Introduction to Criminology (1st ed.). Dar Al-Beiruti for Publishing and Distribution.

23. Najib, H. M. (1962). Explanation of the Penal Code: General Section. Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

24. Najib, H. M. (1986). Crimes of Omission and Criminal Liability for Omission. Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

25. Najib, H. M. (1988). General Theory of Criminal Intent (3rd ed.). Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

26. Najib, H. M. (1989). General Theory of Crime (6th ed.). Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

27. Najm, M. S. (n.d.). Penal Code: General Section – General Theory of Crime. Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution.

28. Youssef, M. (2007). Legal Protection of the Accused during the Investigation Stage. Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

Second: Theses and Dissertations

1. Al-Azirjawi, R. J. (2011). Presumption and its Role in Evidence in Criminal Matters: A Comparative Study of Jordanian and Iraqi Laws [Unpublished Master's thesis]. Faculty of Law, Middle East University.

2. Ben Ashi, H. (2016). Crimes of Omission in Algerian Law [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. Faculty of Law and Political Science, Batna University.

3. Khoteir, M. (2014). The General Theory of Crimes of Omission [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. Faculty of Law and Political Science, Abou Bakr Belkaïd University – Tlemcen.

4. Salama, M. (1962). Crimes of Commission by Omission [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. University of Rome.

5. Al-Qahtani, F. B. A. (2005). Crimes of Omission: A Comparative Study between Sharia and Law and its Judicial Applications [Unpublished Master's thesis]. College of Graduate Studies, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences.

6. Al-Maliki, S. B. F. B. A. (2012). Shifting the Burden of Proof in Criminal Action in the Saudi System: A Comparative Study [Unpublished Master's thesis]. Department of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences.

Third: Research

1. Salama, M. (1969). The Teleological Theory of Conduct in Criminal Law. National Criminal Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, March 1969.

2. Saif, H. K. (2020). The Crime of Omission. Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Vol. 1, No. 72, June 2020.

Fourth: Laws

1. Algerian Penal Code No. 58 of 1937.

2. Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 (as amended).

3. Iraqi Criminal Procedure Code No. 23 of 1971 (as amended).

4. Iraqi Evidence Law No. 107 of 1979 (as amended).

5. Judicial Organization Law No. 160 of 1979 (and its amendments).

6. Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005.

Fifth: Resolutions

1. Resolution of the (Dissolved) Revolutionary Command Council No. 104 of 1988.

Sixth: International Declarations

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).

Seventh: Judicial Rulings

1. Supreme Judicial Council / Presidency of the Federal Najaf Court of Appeals in its Cassation Capacity, No. 777/T/J/2021, dated 18/11/2021. (Unpublished ruling).

2. Supreme Judicial Council / Presidency of the Federal Court of Cassation, No. 7826/Criminal Panel/2022, Serial: 7724. (Unpublished ruling).

3. Supreme Judicial Council / Presidency of the Federal Baghdad Al-Rusafa Court of Appeals / Cassation Panel, No. 173/Criminal/2022, I’lam, dated 9/2/2022. (Unpublished ruling).

4. Supreme Judicial Council / Karbala Court of Appeals / Cassation Panel, No. 194/T/Criminal/2023, dated 19/2/2023. (Unpublished ruling).

5. Supreme Judicial Council / Federal Cassation, No. 79/Criminal Expanded Panel/2024, dated 30/1/2024. (Unpublished ruling).

6. Supreme Judicial Council / Karbala Court of Appeals / Cassation Panel, No. 1023/T/Criminal/2024, dated 29/10/2024. (Unpublished ruling).

7. Supreme Judicial Council / Karbala Court of Appeals / Cassation Panel, No. 442/T/Criminal/2024, dated 15/5/2024. (Unpublished ruling).

8. Supreme Judicial Council / Karbala Court of Appeals / Cassation Panel, No. 629/T/Criminal/2024, dated 30/6/2024. (Unpublished ruling).

9. Supreme Judicial Council / Presidency of the Court, No. 6552/Criminal Panel/2025, Serial: 6970. (Unpublished ruling).

Eighth: Websites

1. Noon News Agency Website Visited on 27/3/2026 at 7:30 PM. www.non14.net