تنافس القوى الكبرى على مصادر الطاقة في الشرق الاوسط

Sources

First/ Books

1_Adam, Saeed,(2016), The Geostrategic Dimension of the New Middle East (Brzezinski and the Theory of the Turkish–Israeli Intersection), Dar Al-Farabi, Beirut.

2_Cole, Juan,(2014). U.S. Policy in the Middle East during Barack Obama's Second Presidential Term, Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, United Arab Emirates.

3_Shalabi, Saad Shaker,(2013)m The American Strategy toward the Middle East, Dar Al-Hamed for Publishing and Distribution, Amman.

4_Jameel, Noor Nabih(2024), U.S. Foreign Policy toward the Middle East under Donald Trump's Return: An Analysis of Transformations and Challenges, Hammurabi Center for Research and Strategic Studies, Iraq.

5_Neama, Kadhim Hashim,(2016), Russia and the Middle East after the Cold War: Opportunities and Challenges, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, Qatar.

6_Mohammed, Khadijah Arefa, (2014), Energy Security and Its Strategic Implications, King Fahd National Library Publishing, Riyadh.

7_Zidan, Nasser, (2013), Russia's Role in the Middle East and North Africa: From Peter the Great to Vladimir Putin, Arab Scientific Publishers, Beirut.

8_Hashim, Nawar Jalil, et al., (2020), The Great Approach: Russia in the Middle East, Dar Al-Khaleej for Publishing and Distribution, Jordan.

9_Wang, Juanke, (2016), China's Presence in the Middle East: Transformations in Roles, Interests, and Alliances, Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, United Arab Emirates.

10_Ali, Essam Mohammed Fikri, and Sayed, Ibrahim Jaber, (2020),History of Conflicts over the New Middle East, Dar Al-Ilm wa Al-Iman for Publishing and Distribution and Dar Al-Jadid for Publishing and Distribution, Algeria,.

11_Al-Sheikh, Norhan, (2009),Russian Energy Policy and Its Impact on the Global Strategic Balance, International Center for Future and Strategic Studies, Abu Dhabi.

12_Abu Al-Rub, Jamal, (2017),Political Decision-Making and Its Determinants in U.S. Foreign Policy: A Theoretical and Conceptual Study, in The Middle East under U.S. Foreign Policy Agendas: An Analytical Study of the Transitional Period between the Obama and Trump Administrations, Arab Democratic Center for Strategic, Political and Economic Studies, Berlin.

13_Al-Sulami, Mohammed bin Saqr, (2021),U.S.–China Competition and Its Implications for the Middle East, Rasanah International Institute for Iranian Studies, Riyadh.

14_Scobell, Andrew, and Nader, Alireza, ( 2016),China in the Middle East: The Cautious Dragon, RAND Corporation, California.

15_Nasri Diab Khater, (2010), Political Geography and Geopolitics, Al-Jandariya Publishing and Distribution, Jordan

16_Hassan, Omar Kamel, (2008), The Middle Eastern System and Its Impact on Arab Water Security, Dar Raslan, Syria

17_Morsi, Mustafa Abdel Aziz, (2010), The Arabs at a Crossroads: Between the Necessities of Renewing a Nationalist Project and the Risks of the Middle Eastern Project, Al-Shorouk Library, Egypt

18_Eilaf Nawfal Ahmed Al-Obaidi, (2016), The Strategic Importance of the Middle East and Its Impact on Russian-Iranian Relations, Al-Raya Publishing and Distribution, Jordan.

19_Ahmed Attia, (1968), The Political Dictionary, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Egypt.

20_Mansour, Mamdouh Mahmoud Mustafa, (1995), The American Soviet Conflict in the Middle East, Madbouly Library, Alexandria, Egypt

21_Al-Aqdahi, Hisham Mahmoud, (2009), Contemporary National Security Challenges: A Historical-Political Approach, University Youth Foundation, Alexandria, Egypt

22_Abdel Ghaffar, Nabil Mahmoud, (1982), U.S. Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1973–1978, Egyptian General Book Organization, Cairo, Egypt

23_Al-Raheb, Anas, (2017), International Politics in the Middle East: One Hundred Years of Occupation, Dar Al-Farabi, Beirut, Lebanon.

24_Al-Sayed Khalil, Mohamed Ahmed, (2008), Energy Resources in the Middle East: Opportunities and Challenges, Academic Library, Cairo, Egypt.

25_ Al-Nashit, Saad, (2008), Dependence on Energy Resources in the Middle East: Relations Between Producers in the Arabian Gulf and Emerging Consumers—China, India, and the United States: Competition over Energy Resources, Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, United Arab Emirates.

Secondly/ research

1_Yaseen, Ammar Hamid,(2018), The Problematic of U.S.–Russian Competition: A Study of Foreign Political Behavior toward the Arab Region – The Syrian Case as a Model, published in Political Issues Journal, Al-Nahrain University.

2_Wahib, Hussein Hafez,(2022), The Role of Oil in the Strategy of the Occupation of Iraq, published by the Center for Strategic Studies, University of Baghdad.

3_Wahib, Hussein Hafez,(2010), The Strategy of the New U.S. Administration toward the Middle East, published by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, University of Baghdad.

4_Fathi, Mohammed Maysar,(2018), The U.S. Strategic Performance toward the Middle East during the Trump Administration: A Prospective Study, published in Journal of Political Science, University of Baghdad.

5_Al-Saeedi, Saad Ubaid Alwan, and Al-Shammari, Ahmed Hamzah Khalif,(2020), International and Regional Economic Competition in the Middle East and Its Impact on Iraqi National Security after 2003, published in International Studies Journal, University of Baghdad.

6_Makhbi, Hasiba,(2017), The Orientations of Russian Strategy toward the Middle East: Syria as a Case Study, published in Madarat Siyasiyya Journal, Algeria.

7_Ali, Salim Kati',(2014), The Impact of Oil on U.S. Policy toward the Arabian Gulf Region after the Cold War, published in International Studies Journal, University of Baghdad.

8_Abboud, Rami Qusay,(2022), U.S.–Russian Competition in the Middle East: Natural Gas as a Model, published in Journal of Al-Madinah College, Al-Madinah University College.

9_Sidqi, Mazen Ahmed,(2008), Determinants of Chinese Foreign Policy toward the Middle East, published in Annals of the Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, Faculty of Arts

10-Yaseen, Doaa Munim,(2024), Chinese–American Economic Competition in the Middle East, published in International Studies Journal, University of Baghdad.

11_ Alai, Sattar Jabbar,(2024), China and the Dynamics of the Middle East, published in International Politics Journal, University of Baghdad.

12_Majeed, Israa Khalil,(2023), Chinese Diplomacy and Soft Power toward the Middle East after 2011, published in Journal of Political Science, University of Baghdad.

13_Mohammed, Mohammed Jassim, and Dhahir, Hussein,(2024), U.S.–Russian Competition toward the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), published in Dijlah University College Journal, Dijlah University.

14_Competition in the Middle East.” International Studies Journal, Center for International and Strategic Studies, University of Baghdad

15_Ashhab, Badia. (2001). “New Regionalism and Regional Integration among Developing Countries: The Arab World as a Case Study.” Journal of Strategic and Future Studies, Institute of Arab Research and Studies

16_Al-Aghwan, Ali Bashar Bakr. (2013). Creative Chaos: Symbolic Destruction and the Fires of the Middle East. Hammurabi Center for Research and Strategic Studies, Iraq.

17_Al-Otaibi, Amal Nashaa. (2022). “Fields of Economic Cooperation between the Far East and Africa during the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries.” Journal of the Faculty of Arabic Language, Al-Azhar University

18_Khudr, Ihsan. (2005). Global Oil Markets. Arab Planning Institute, Kuwait

19_Abdul Ali, Al-Hussein. (2018). “The Risks Surrounding Gulf Oil.” International Politics Journal, College of Political Science, University of Baghdad.

Third: Websites

1-Arab Democratic Center, Hajar Mohammed Ahmed Abdel Nabi, (Energy Security and Russian–Western Relations during the Period (2000–2015)), available at: https://democraticac.de/?p=34018#_ftn58

Date of the last visit:12/9/2024.

2-Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, Paul Salem,( Great Power Competition over the Future of the Middle East), available at: https://carnegieendowment.org

Date of the last visit:14/6/2024.

3-Al-Nahrain Center for Strategic Studies, Samira Abdul Razzaq, (International Competition over Oil in the Middle East: Iraq, Syria, and Libya as Case Studies), available at: https://alnahrain.iq/post/798

Date of the last visit:22/10/2024.

4-Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Paul Salem, (Great Power Competition over the Future of the Middle East), available at: http://carnegieendowment.org/2010/04/15

Date of the last visit:12/9/2024.

5¬_At-Taqa (Energy Platform), Asmaa Al-Saadawi, (Forecasts of China's Imports of Iranian Oil in Light of the War with Israel (Report)), available at: https://attaqa.net

Date of the last visit:15/7/2024.

6-National Center for Middle East Studies, Research Center Perspectives on China's Role in the Middle East, available at: https://ncmes.org/2035

Date of the last visit:24/9/2025.

7_Rajab Ezz El-Din, “A Map of Global Oil Reserves by Countries and Regions: What Is the Middle East’s Shar eAvailable at: https://attaqa.net/2024/07/03.

Date of the last visit:7/9/2024.

8_Billion Barrels: Iraq Ranks First Globally in Oil Reserves in 2025.” Alsumaria News. Available at: https://www.alsumaria.tv/news/economy.

Date of the last visit:2/4/2025.

“9_The Countries with the Largest Oil and Gas Reserves in 2025.” Arabi21. Available at: https://arabi21.com/story/

Date of the last visit:22/5/2025.

Fourth/ source of source

1_ Michael Singh,( China and the United States in the Middle East: Between Dependency and Rivalry, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy), in: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/china-and-united-states-middle-east-between-dependency-and-rivalry.

Date of the last visit:10/10/2024.

2_ Natan Sachs and Kevin Huggard, (Israel and the Middle East amid U.S.-China competition), The Brookings ,in: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/israel-and-the-middle-east-amid-u-s-china-competition/

Date of the last visit:10/10/2024.