الاستنباط القضائيّ للقاعدة العرفية الدولية من امتناع الدول دراسة في حكمَي الجرف القاري الممتد لعام 2023

أ.م.د. أسامة يوسف نجم

doi:10.64184/ajlps.V2.I4.Y2025.P1109-1131.439

المؤلفون

أ.م.د. أسامة يوسف نجم الجامعة العراقية / كلية القانون والعلوم السياسية المؤلف

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64184/ajlps.V2.I4.Y2025.P1109-1131.439

الكلمات المفتاحية:

الجرف القاري الممتد، المنطقة الرمادية، لجنة حدود الجرف القاري، العرف الدولي.

الملخص

تعالج هذه الدراسة قيداً مستحدثاً على استحقاق الجرف القاري الممتد إلى ما وراء مئتي ميل بحري، أرسته المحكمة الدولية لقانون البحار ومحكمة العدل الدولية في حكمَيهما الصادرين عام 2023 في نزاعَي (موريشيوس/المالديف) و (نيكاراغوا/كولومبيا). ومفاده منعُ امتداد الجرف الممتد لدولةٍ داخل نطاق المئتي ميل المقيس من خطوط أساس دولةٍ أخرى، مع وصف محكمة العدل هذا المنع بالقاعدة العرفية، وهو قيدٌ ثالث يُضاف إلى قيدَي المسافة والحافة القارية اللذين نصّت عليهما الاتفاقية. وتهدف الدراسة إلى تأصيل هذا القيد وتحليل أسانيده ونقد بنائه العرفي وبيان آثاره. وقد اتّبع المنهج التحليلي النقدي في تفكيك حجج الحكمين والآراء المخالفة، معزّزا بمقارنةٍ بين مسلك المحكمتين وبين قضاء 2023 وسوابقه. وخلصت الدراسة إلى عدم قوة الأساس العرفي للقيد، نظرا لبنائه على استنتاج الاعتقاد بالإلزام من مجرّد امتناع الدول وصمتها، وإلى تعارضه مع ممارسة لجنة حدود الجرف القاري ومع مبدأ وحدة الجرف، فضلاً عن إلغائه للمنطقة الرمادية التي كان القضاء قد أنشأها في سوابقه. وأوصت بمراجعة التسليم بالوصف العرفي على إطلاقه، وباعتماد حلولٍ أكثر اتّساقاً مع بنية المادة السادسة والسبعين ومع طبيعة الجرف القاري الواحدة.

المراجع

Sources and References

First: International Conventions

1. Convention on the Continental Shelf, 29 April 1958.

2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982.

Second: International Judicial and Arbitral Decisions

1. Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Award of 11 April 2006, R.I.A.A., Vol.XXVII.

2. Continental Shelf (Libya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985.

3. Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar), Judgment, ITLOS Reports 2012.

4. Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius/Maldives), Judgment of 28 April 2023, ITLOS Case No.28.

5. North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969.

6. Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2023 (including the Separate and Dissenting Opinions and the Declaration appended thereto).

7. The Case of the S.S. “Lotus” (France v. Turkey), Judgment No.9, P.C.I.J. Series A, No.10, 1927.

Third: Academic Research and Articles

1. Huang, Yixin, “Refuting the Assumption and Inferences in Paragraph 76 of Judgment of 13 July 2023… (Nicaragua v. Colombia)”, International Journal of Education and Humanities, Vol.17, No.2, 2024.

2. Kamiński, Tomasz & Natorski, Paweł, “Comments on the ICJ Judgment on Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) on 13 July 2023”, Polish Review of International and European Law, Vol.14, Iss.2, 2025.

3. Kong, Li et al., “A Critical Analysis of the ICJ’s Identification of Customary International Law in the 2023 Judgment of Nicaragua v. Colombia”, Asian Journal of International Law, 2025.

4. Li, Yunjun, “Constraining the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles in Maritime Delimitation Cases”, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.74, Supp. S1, 2025.

5. Liao, Xuexia, “Is There a Hierarchical Relationship between Natural Prolongation and Distance in the Continental Shelf Delimitation?”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Vol.33, 2018.

6. Tanaka, Yoshifumi, “Recent Developments in the Jurisprudence Concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Analysis of the Mauritius/Maldives and Nicaragua v. Colombia Cases”, International Law Studies, Vol.103, 2024.

7. Woker, Hilde & Bernard, Leonardo, “A New Constraint to the Entitlement of a Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles? – Implications of the Recent Case Law”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Vol.40, No.1, 2025.

Fourth: International Documents and Reports

1. International Law Commission, Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law, with Commentaries, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2018, Vol.II, Part Two.

2. Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in regard to the Joint Submission Made by Mauritius and Seychelles concerning the Mascarene Plateau Region, adopted 30 March 2011.

References

1. Convention on the Continental Shelf, 29 April 1958.

2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982.

3. Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Award of 11 April 2006, R.I.A.A., Vol.XXVII.

4. Continental Shelf (Libya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985.

5. Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar), Judgment, ITLOS Reports 2012.

6. Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius/Maldives), Judgment of 28 April 2023, ITLOS Case No.28.

7. North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969.

8. Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2023 (including the Separate and Dissenting Opinions and the Declaration appended thereto).

9. The Case of the S.S. “Lotus” (France v. Turkey), Judgment No.9, P.C.I.J. Series A, No.10, 1927.

10. Huang, Yixin, “Refuting the Assumption and Inferences in Paragraph 76 of Judgment of 13 July 2023… (Nicaragua v. Colombia)”, International Journal of Education and Humanities, Vol.17, No.2, 2024.

11. Kamiński, Tomasz & Natorski, Paweł, “Comments on the ICJ Judgment on Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) on 13 July 2023”, Polish Review of International and European Law, Vol.14, Iss.2, 2025.

12. Kong, Li et al., “A Critical Analysis of the ICJ’s Identification of Customary International Law in the 2023 Judgment of Nicaragua v. Colombia”, Asian Journal of International Law, 2025.

13. Li, Yunjun, “Constraining the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles in Maritime Delimitation Cases”, International & Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.74, Supp. S1, 2025.

14. Liao, Xuexia, “Is There a Hierarchical Relationship between Natural Prolongation and Distance in the Continental Shelf Delimitation?”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Vol.33, 2018.

15. Tanaka, Yoshifumi, “Recent Developments in the Jurisprudence Concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Analysis of the Mauritius/Maldives and Nicaragua v. Colombia Cases”, International Law Studies, Vol.103, 2024.

16. Woker, Hilde & Bernard, Leonardo, “A New Constraint to the Entitlement of a Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles? – Implications of the Recent Case Law”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Vol.40, No.1, 2025.

17. International Law Commission, Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law, with Commentaries, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2018, Vol.II, Part Two.

18. Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in regard to the Joint Submission Made by Mauritius and Seychelles concerning the Mascarene Plateau Region, adopted 30 March 2011.