War Remnants as a Threat to Human Security: A Study of the Role of Non-State Actors in Mitigating Their

Abstract

Human security has emerged as a significant shift in international relations studies, moving from the protection of the state and its borders to a focus on protecting human beings and ensuring their security and dignity in various economic, social, health, and environmental dimensions. In this context, landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) acquire particular importance as they represent some of the most persistent threats that do not end with the cessation of hostilities but continue to affect the lives of individuals and communities for many years after the end of military operations. Landmines pose a direct threat to civilian lives, as they are planted in residential and rural areas and agricultural roads, resulting in casualties and permanent disabilities, as well as disrupting essential economic activities such as agriculture and livestock farming. ERW, the remnants of conflicts, including unexploded shells, rockets, and other munitions, also constitute a continuous threat, hindering the return of displaced populations and limiting the reconstruction of infrastructure and public services. The impact of these risks extends to all dimensions of human security. They threaten not only personal security but also economic security by destroying sources of income, food security by depriving communities of agricultural land, and health security due to injuries and disabilities. Furthermore, they have long-term environmental impacts that hinder social stability. These threats deepen political and social instability in post-conflict environments and increase the fragility of local communities. In response to these challenges, international organizations and mine clearance organizations have played a vital role. They have developed various mechanisms, including clearance operations, awareness campaigns about the dangers of explosives, and support for victims. They have also strengthened international legal frameworks, such as the Ottawa Convention. These efforts have contributed to transforming mine action from a purely military issue into a humanitarian and developmental one directly linked to the concept of human security.