وسائل الحماية المدنية للأطفال المشردين من العنف
الكلمات المفتاحية:
(الحماية القانونية ، الاطفال المشردون ، العنف ، اطفال الشوارع ، مسؤولية الحماية) .الملخص
تُعد الحماية القانونية المدنية للأطفال المشردين مظهراً من مظاهر العدالة المجتمعية، حيث تنصب غايتها على حماية الوجود الإنساني ، وتعد في الوقت نفسه حقاً مكتسباً لا يحتاج إلى تبرير بعد إن كرسته الأديان السماوية بضرورة الحفاظ على كرامة الانسان وحقوقه ، واعترفت به القوانين كافة ، لذا فقد أصبحت الحماية القانونية سواء اكانت ( دستورية او جنائية او مدنية ) "نقطة ارتكاز" في القانون انطلاقاً من مبدأ العقاب والتعويض ، كما وانها تمثل ركناً أساسياً في أي نظام قانوني يهدف الى احترام حقوق الانسان وكرامته وتعويضه عن كل انواع الاضرار التي يتعرض لها . وبالرغم من تكفل الدولة في العراق بحماية ورعاية الاطفال بشكل عام والاطفال المشردين بشكل خاص وذلك من خلال التشريعات المعنية بحمايتهم ورعايتهم ، الا ان انتهاكات حقوق وكرامة هذه الفئة الضعيفة مازالت مستمرة في ظل تنامي معدلات العنف والفقر والتفكك الاسري وانتشار المخدرات ، وهذا ما يتطلب اعادة النظر بتلك التشريعات وتحديد نقاط الضعف والعمل على وضع اليات قانونية واجرائية من اجل التصدي لهذه المشكلة التي اتخذت منحاً خطيراً في مجتمعنا ولا سيما بعد ان اتخذت المجموعات الاجرامية من هؤلاء الاطفال ادوات سهلة لممارسة نشاطها الاجرامي .
المراجع
Sources and References
First - Dictionaries:
1. Bin Zakaria, Abu Al-Hussein, (without year of publication), Language Scales, Vol. 3, Dar Al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Cairo.
2. Al-Razi, Muhammad, (1981), Mukhtar Al-Sihah, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut.
3. Al-Ansari, Ibn Manzur, (without year of publication), Lisan Al-Arab, Egyptian House for Authorship and Translation, Cairo.
Second - Legal Books
1. Sultan, Anwar, (1965), General Theory of Obligation, Vol. 1, Sources of Obligation, Dar Al-Maaref.
2. Arafat, Amal, (2016), Unified Child Protection Policy Document for Civil Institutions and Associations Working with Children in Lebanon, Lebanese Ministry of Social Affairs, Abaad Organization and Lebanese Child House Association.
3. Abu Al-Saud, Ramadan, (1984), Principles of Obligation in Egyptian and Lebanese Civil Law, University House for Printing and Publishing, Beirut.
4. Mahmoud, Dhari, (2002), Al-Basit in Explaining the Penal Code - General Section, Publisher Sabah Jaafar, 1st ed.
5. Bahri, Fatima, (2007), Objective Criminal Protection for Child Users, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Jami'i, Alexandria.
6. Al-Sanhouri, Abdul-Razzaq, (1988), Contract Theory, Vol. 3, Al-Halabi Legal Publications, 2nd ed., Lebanon, Beirut.
7. Al-Sadda, Abdul-Moneim, (1979), Sources of Obligation, A Study in Lebanese and Egyptian Law, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Beirut.
8. Awda, Ali, (1977), The Causal Relationship between Error and Harm, Master's Thesis Submitted to the College of Law and Politics, University of Baghdad.
9. Abu Al-Saud, Ramadan, (1984), Principles of Obligation in Egyptian and Lebanese Civil Law, Dar Al-Jami'iyya for Printing and Publishing, Beirut.
10. Al-Bayeh, Mohsen, (1993), The Reality of the Civil Liability Crisis and the Role of Liability Insurance, New Galaa Library, Mansoura.
11. Al-Awji, Mustafa, (1996), Civil Law, Vol. 2, Civil Liability, Bahsoun Foundation for Publishing and Distribution, Beirut.
Third / General Books:
1. Morsi, Abu Bakr, (2001), The Phenomenon of Street Children - Concept - Spread - Responsible Factors - and the Risks Taken, an Uncivilized Vision, Arab Renaissance Library, Cairo.
2. Al-Hassan, Ihsan, (2008), Sociology of Violence and Terrorism, 1st ed., Wael Publishing House, Amman.
3. Fahim, Keller, (2006), Caring for Children - Victims of Domestic Violence, Anglo-Egyptian Library, Cairo.
4. Abada, Madiha, (2008), Violence against Women, 1st ed, Al-Fajr Publishing House, Cairo.
5. Al-Shorbagy, Nabila, (2024), Aggressive Behavior of Street Children, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo.
Fourth / Research:
1. Ghazlani, Widad, (2011), The Role of the United Nations in Combating the Phenomenon of Street Children - Agreements and Mechanisms, Journal of Political and Legal Notebooks, University of May 8, 1945, Guelma, Algeria, Issue 5.
Fifth / Theses and Dissertations:
A / Theses:
1. Shehata, Zainab, (2002), Images of Authority among Street Children and Their Relationship to Some Personality Variables, Master's Thesis Submitted to the Institute of Graduate Studies for Childhood, Department of Psychological and Social Studies, Ain Shams University, Cairo.
B / Theses:
1. Al-Ubaidi, Bushra, (2004), International Criminal Violations of the Rights of the Child, PhD Thesis, University of Baghdad.
2. Mustafa, Qarzan, (2015), The principle of the responsibility to protect and its applications in light of the principles and provisions of international public law, PhD thesis, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Abu Bakr Belkaid University, Tlemcen, Algeria.
Sixth / Electronic sources:
1. The Convention on the Rights of the Child issued by the United Nations in 1989, the United Nations website, published on the link:
https://www.ohchr.org › instruments
2. The World Health Organization, its annual report for the year 2000, published on the Internet website:
3. Rabaa, Iyad, Electronic violence, its causes and ways to confront it, an article published on the website:
https://www.amad.ps/ar/Details/263226
4. The United Nations - ESCO Program, Social Justice, available on the website:
http://www.unescwa.org › social-j.
Seventh / Constitutions and Laws:
A. Constitutions:
B. The current Iraqi Constitution of 2005.
B/ Laws:
1. Iraqi Civil Law No. 40 of 1951.
2. Current Iraqi Personal Status Law No. (188) of 1959.
3. Iraqi Penal Code No. (111) of 1969.
4. Minors Care Law No. 78 of 1980.
