The criminal framework for combating deep forgery crimes and its impact on the criminal evidence system
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64184/ajlps.V3.I1.Y2026.P341-358.262Keywords:
Deepfakes, Artificial Intelligence, Cybercrime, Criminal Evidence.Abstract
One of the most salient uses of generative artificial intelligence is deepfakes because it uses sophisticated algorithms that are capable of creating images, sounds, and videos that are hard to believe as fake. The complex legal and ethical issues have appeared due to this technological advancement as now it is possible to exploit this technology to infringe on privacy, defamation, manipulation of digital evidence, and even impact the democratic process by misinforming the media and creating a fake news. The threat of deepfakes is that they compromise the concept of trust in the digital content, and it puts the legislators in dilemmas of establishing the legal framework that would provide the freedom of invention and at the same time safeguard the basic rights of individuals. Among others, one of the biggest is the issue of finding criminal responsibility in creating or sharing fake content and the degree to which this action could be regarded as a type of cyber fraud. Thus, it is important to discuss this phenomenon on academic and legal level with the purpose to comprehend its technical and social aspects and to develop the balanced legislation in order to prevent the prevention of technological innovation, while simultaneously protecting the privacy of individuals and society.
References
Frist: Books
Ali Mawloud Fadel, and Saif Abbas Adnan, Deepfakes: The Language of Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Media Wars, Amjad Publishing and Distribution House, Amman, 2021.
Second: Articles
Gauri Jaiswal et al., Deepfake Technology: The Threat of AI-Generated Misinformation. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews. Volume (6). Issue (3). pp.(930-934), 2025.
Nik Hynek et al., Risks and benefits of artificial intelligence deepfakes: Systematic review and comparison of public attitudes in seven European Countries. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, Volume (10), Issue (5), pp.(1-19), 2025.
Reda Ibrahim Abdullah Al-Bayoumi, Legal Protection from the Risks of Deep faking Applications in Islamic Jurisprudence and Positive Law: A Comparative Analytical Study, The Spirit of Laws Journal, Faculty of Law-Tanta University, Special Issue for the Eighth International Scientific Conference (Technology and Law for the period (7-8/5/2023), pp.(815-878), 2023.
Mohamed Abdulrahman Abdulhamed, and Asaad Noori Hashim, A Survey on Detecting Deep Fakes Using Advanced AI-Based Approaches. Iraqi Journal of Science. Volume (65), Issue (9). pp. (5254-5269), 2024.
Muhammad Salama Abdel Moneim Al-Sharif, The crime of revenge porn through deepfake technology and criminal liability for it. Journal of Law for Legal and Economic Research. Volume (2). Issue (1). pp. (366-485), 2022.
Sahar Fouad Majeed Al- Najar, Criminal Response to Crimes Stemming from the Use of Deepfake Technology. Journal of Legal Science. Volume (39). Issue(2). pp.(575-633), 2024.
Mahmoud Hussein Sayed Abu Seif, The Legal Regulation of Deepfake in the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act, Journal of Legal and Economic Sciences, Issue (1), Year (67), pp. (1642- 1741), 2025.
Abigail Olson, "The Double-side of Deepfakes: Obstacles and Assets in the Fight Against Child Pornography," Georgia Law Review, Volume (56), Issue (2), pp.(856-892), 2022.
Emil Jabbar Ashour, and Sabreen Jassim Maktoof, The Legal Adaptation of the Crime of Deliberate Forgery (A Comparative Study), Maysan Journal of Comparative Legal Studies, Volume (1), Issue (13), pp.(514-540), 2025.
Mohamed Mohamed Abdel Zaher Mosa, The evidentiary value of digital evidence and the controls of the criminal judge’s conviction, Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Volume (36), Issue (2), pp. (226-336), 2024.
Alaeldin Mansour Maghaireh, Artificial Intelligence Crimes and Ways to Combat Them: Deepfakes as a Model. International Journal of Law, Qatar University, Volume (13), Issue (2).pp. (127-167), 2024.
Azzedine Ritab, and Nabila Sadrati, The legal nature of the act of cyber defamation via artificial intelligence tools, Algerian Journal of Law and Political Science, Volume (9), Issue (1), pp. (933-952), 2024.
Mona Mohamed Al-Atris Al-Desouki, Crimes of Artificial Intelligence Technologies and the Independent Electronic Legal Personality (A Comparative Study), Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Issue (81), pp.(1141-1222), 2022.
Ahmed Ali Ahmed Al-Najm, Criminal liability for artificial intelligence crimes. Journal of the College of Heritage University. Issue (39), pp.(145-154), 2024.
Haskar Mourad Ben Aouda, The Problem of Applying the Provisions of Criminal Liability to Artificial Intelligence Crimes, Journal of Law and Humanities, Volume (15), Issue (1), pp. (187-205), 2022.
Mohammed Wahhab Abbood, Using Ai Tools To Verify Deepfakes in Media Content. Journal of Media Studies and Research (Masar), Special Issue, pp. (171-197), 2025.
Yazid Saleh Al-Muhamid, Cybercrimes in Criminal Law, The Legal Journal, Volume (25), Issue (3), pp. (2201-2256), 2025.
Hussein Muhammad Assaf, The Legality and Admissibility of Digital Evidence in Criminal Procedures: A Comparative Analytical Study, Comprehensive Electronic Journal, Issue (82), pp. (1-35), 2025.
Suleiman Qataf, and Abdul Halim Bougrine, The Objective Legal Mechanisms for Combating Cyber Crimes under the Budapest Convention and Algerian Legislation, Academic Journal of Legal and Political Research, Volume (6), Issue (1).pp. (334-358), 2022.
Third: Legislation
Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969.
Budapest Convention on Cybercrime of 2001.
Iraqi draft cybercrime law of 2011.
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of 2016.
Egyptian Anti-Cyber and Information Technology Crimes No (175) of 2018.
Texas Election Interference Law 2019.
European Union's Digital Services Oversight and Safety Act of 2022 .
Jordanian Cybercrime Law No. 17 of 2023.
European Union's The Artificial Intelligence Act of 2023.
Forth: Electronic articles
Laura Carvajal, and Andrew Iliadis, Deepfakes: A preliminary Systematic Review of The Literature. AOIR Selected Papers of Internet Research, 2020,https://spir.aoir.org/ojs/index.php/spir/article/view/11190/9860 ,last visit 7/11/2025.
Safaa Ayad, The Cybercrime Law in Iraq: Suspended Until Further Notice?, Digital Safety helpdesk (SMES),Iraqi Cybercrime Draft Law: In Suspension, Article published in 14/1/2022, https://smex.org/ar/%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86 %d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%82/, last visit 5/11/2025.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashur Journal of Legal and Political Sciences is issued by the Iraqi Association of Legal Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors retain Full copyright of their published article
Ashur Journal of Legal and Political Sciences applies the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License to articles and other works we publish. If you submit your paper for publication by AJLPS, you agree to have the CC BY 4.0 license applied to your work.
Articles can be read and shared for under the following conditions:
BY: Attribution must be given to the original source (Attribution)
Full details available at
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
