تأثير الانقلابات العسكرية على المسار الديمقراطي في غرب القارة الافريقية بعد العام 2020

Sources and References

First/ Arabic Books:

1. Al-Jabiri, Muhammad Abed. Democracy and Human Rights. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies, 2000.

2. Al-Ramahi, Mar'i Ali. Political Systems in Africa. Cairo: Dar Al-Fajr for Publishing and Distribution, 2025.

Second/ English Books:

1. Afrobarometer. Public Attitudes toward Democracy in Africa. Dispatch No. 812. Accra: Afrobarometer, 2024.

2. Al-Jabri, Mohammed Abed. Democracy and Human Rights. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies, 2000.

3. Al-Ramahi, Marai Ali. Political Systems in Africa. Cairo: Dar Al-Fajr for Publishing and Distribution, 2025.

4. Ake, Claude. Democracy and Development in Africa. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1996.

5. Clapham, Christopher. Africa and the International System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

6. Collier, Paul. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

7. Dahl, Robert A. On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

8. Decalo, Samuel. Coups and Army Rule in Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.

9. Diamond, Larry. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

10. Finer, Samuel E. The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics. Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.

11. Fukuyama, Francis. Political Order and Political Decay. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014.

12. Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.

13. International IDEA. The Global State of Democracy Report 2023: The New Checks and Balances. Stockholm: International IDEA Publishing, 2023.

14. Luttwak, Edward. Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016.

15. Cheeseman, Nic. Democracy in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

16. McGowan, Patrick J. “African Military Coups d’État, 1956–2001: Frequency, Trends and Distribution.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 41, no. 3 (2003): 339–370.

17. Okumu, W. “Democratic Backsliding and Military Interventions in West Africa.” African Security Review 33, no. 2 (2024): 115–131.

18. van de Walle, Nicolas. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

19. Powell, Jonathan, and Clayton Thyne. “Global Instances of Coups from 1950 to 2010: A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 48, no. 2 (2011): 249–259.

20. Thurston, A. Jihadists of North Africa and the Sahel. Cambridge University Press, 2020.

21. World Bank. (2023). Africa’s Pulse: An Analysis of Issues Shaping Africa’s Economic Future (Vol. 28). World Bank Publications.

Third/ Foreign Research:

1. African Union. Report on Unconstitutional Changes of Government in Africa. Addis Ababa: African Union Commission, 2023.

2. Al Jazeera Centre for Studies. Niger and the “Ukraine of the Sahel”. Doha: Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, 2023. On: https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/analyses/niger-%E2%80%9Cukraine-sahel%E2%80%9D

3. BBC News. “Burkina Faso Coup: Soldiers Announce Overthrow of President.” BBC News, January 25, 2022. On: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5ygxzpkvzno .

4. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS Response to the Coup in Niger. Abuja: ECOWAS Commission, 2023.

5. International Crisis Group. Mali: Enabling Dialogue with the Military. Africa Report No. 300. Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2021.

6. Reuters. “Gabon Officers Declare Military Coup, President Ali Bongo Detained.” Reuters, August 30, 2023. On: https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/gabonese-military-officers-announce-they-have-seized-power-2023-08-30/

7. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Soldiers and Citizens: Military Coups and the Future of Democracy in Africa. New York: UNDP Publications, 2023.