العلاقة الجدلية بين الريع النفطي والتحول الديمقراطي
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64184/ajlps.V2.I3.Y2025.P899-925.151الكلمات المفتاحية:
التحول الديمقراطي, الربع, الربع النفطي.الملخص
شكل الريع النفطي نقطة تحول في اقتصاديات الدول النفطية فتحولت من اقتصاديات بدائية الى اقتصاديات تتمتع بوفرة مالية ساهمت الى حد كبير في تحسين الاوضاع المعاشية لشعوب هذه الدول في الوقت نفسه عززت هذه الوفرة المالية من سلطة النخب السياسية الحاكمة عن طريق توفير مكتسبات مالية الى شرائح المجتمع المختلفة وبالتالي ضمان الولاء للسلطة لدى شريحة واسعة من المستفيدين والذين يخشون على مصالحهم الاقتصادية في حال تعرض النظام السياسي الى اي تحد داخلي او خارجي لذلك واجهت فكرة التحول الديمقراطي في الدول الريعية تحديات تمثلت بضعف النقمة الجماهيرية على الانظمة السياسية في هذه الدول والتي مصدرها عادةً سوء الاوضاع المعاشية للسكان وتراكم الاعباء الضريبية بسبب نجاح هذه الانظمة في توظيف النخب الحاكمة لهذه الموارد المالية الضخمة في وجه اي محاولة للتحول الحقيقي نحو الديمقراطية باستخدام طرق الترهيب تارة والترغيب تارة اخرى لأي معارضة سياسية حقيقية.
المراجع
First: Books:
1- George Corm, A Critique of the Arab Rentier Economy, Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, 2011.
2- Siham Ahmed Rashid, The Impact of the Rentier Economy on Comprehensive Development in Iraq (2010-2020), Al-Mustansiriya Center for Arab and International Studies, 2023.
3- Karim Mahdi Al-Hasnawi, Principles of Economics, Al-Sanhouri Library, Baghdad, 2015.
4- Michael Clare, Wars over Resources: The New Geographical Context of International Conflicts, translated by Adnan Hassan, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, Beirut, 2002.
5- Michael Ross, The Political Economy of the Resource Curse: A Critique and Analysis of the Oil Literature, a study in the book *Oil and Tyranny: The Political Economy of the Rentier State*, 1st ed., translated by the Institute of Strategic Studies, Baghdad, 2007.
6- Terry Lynn Karl, *The Perils of the Oil State: Reflections on the Paradox of Plenty*, translated by Abdul-Ilah Al-Naimi, Iraqi Studies, Baghdad, 2008.
7- Saleh Yasser, The Rentier System and the Building of Democracy: The Impossible Duality (The Case of Iraq), Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Jordan and Iraq Office, Iraq, 2013.
8- Michael Ross, The Curse of Oil: How Oil Wealth Shapes the Organization of Nations, translated by Muhammad Haytham Nashawati, Arab International Relations Forum, Doha, 2014.
9- Peter Kaznacheff, Resource Rent and Economic Growth, translated by Ali Al-Haris, Arab Scientific Center for Human Studies and Research, Rabat, 2019.
Second: Periodicals:
1- Kamel Alawi Al-Fatlawi and Muhammad Hussein Al-Jubouri, The Problematic Relationship between the Rentier Economy and the Rentier State, Journal of Administration and Economics, University of Kufa, Issue 5, 2013.
2- Amer Jamil Abdul Hussein, The Problematic Contradiction Between Oil Rents and Sustainable Development in Iraq, Al-Ghari Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Issue No. 40, 2016.
3- Adnan Al-Janabi, Getting Rid of the Rentier State, Iraqi Studies, Baghdad, 2015.
4- Al-Naami Al-Sayeh Al-Alam, Democratic Transition: Concept and Mechanisms, Journal of the Academy for Humanities and Social Sciences, Issue No. 21, July 2017.
5- Ahmed Karboush, The Problem of Democratic Transition: A Theoretical Study, Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Algeria, Issue No. 1, 2023.
6- Ali Misbah Muhammad Al-Wahishi, A Theoretical Study of Democratic Transition, Journal of the College of Economics for Scientific Research, University of Zawiya, Volume 1, Issue No. (2), October 2015.
7- Ziad Jihad Hamad, Factors Influencing Democratic Transition, Madad Al-Adab Journal, College of Law and Political Science, Al-Mustansiriya University, Issue No. 14, 2018.
8- Salah Nouri Abdul Hassan, The Dialectical Relationship between Democratic Transition in Iraq and the Rentier Economy, Journal of Middle East Research, Issue No. 54, Baghdad. 2020.
9- Jabbar Ismail Abdul, The Impact of the Economic Factor on the Democratic Transition Process in Iraq after 2003, International Politics Journal, University of Baghdad, 2023, Issue 51, April.
10- Muhammad Al-Ahmari, Democracy: Roots and the Problem of Implementation, Arab Network for Research and Publishing, Beirut, 2012.
11- Dahman Abdel Haq, The Role of Oil in Shaping the Political Structure of the Gulf Kingdoms, Algerian Journal of Public Policy, Algeria, Issue 5, 2014.
12- Abdul Ali Kazim Al-Maamouri and Basma Majid Hamza, Oil Rent and Democracy: Open Borders for Conflict, Hammurabi Journal of Strategic Research and Studies, Baghdad, Issue 7, 2013.
13- Salam Jabbar Hashim, The Rentier State and the Formation of Regional Systems (The Gulf States as a Model), Political and International Journal, Issue 21, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, 2012.
14- Abdul Jabbar Ahmed Abdullah and Kazim Ali Mahdi, The Impact of the Rentier State on the Democratic Choice in Iraq after 2003, Journal of Political Science, College of Political Science, University of Baghdad, Issue 1 50, 2015.
Third: Internet:
1- World Bank Group data at the following link:
https://www.albankaldawli.org/ext/ar/home
-2- The Economist Intelligence Unit, Democracy Index 2024 https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2024
