Civil Liability for Acts of Artificial Intelligence Technologies (Evolution Amidst Stability)

Authors

  • Dr. Shatha Abid Juma AL- Rubaie AL- Farahidi University - College of Law - Iraq Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64184/ajlps.V2.I3.Y2025.P573-606.142

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence (AI), Liability, fault, Technologies, Robot

Abstract

Undoubtedly, human thoughts is indispensable for the development of artificial intelligence (AI), which aims to simulate human intellect. AI’s capabilities are currently constrained by the functions assigned to it, whether to fulfill the specific needs for which AI technologies are employed or due to the present limitations of scientific and technological advancement. These technologies remain globally amenable to further development, and the natural person (human being) still comprehends the cognitive level of AI- dependent technologies. Consequently, the current and future evolution of AI necessitates a parallel development in the concept of civil liability and the formulation of legal solutions to identify the party responsible for damage resulting from the use of these technologies, especially in light of the multiplicity of actors involved. 

References

A- Legal Books

1- Dr. Ahmed El-Sayed El-Bahi El-Shoubri: Civil Liability for Technological Hazards, Dar El-Jamia El-Gedida, Alexandria, Egypt, 2016.

2- Ahmed Hassan Mohamed Ali: Civil Liability for Robotic Damages, Dar El-Nahda El-Arabiya, Cairo, Egypt, 2022.

3- Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Razzaq El-Sanhouri: Al-Wasit in Explaining Civil Law, Part One, Dar El-Nahda El-Arabiya, Cairo, 1964.

4- Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Razzaq El-Sanhouri: Explanation of Civil Law, Part Four, Dar El-Nahda El-Arabiya, Cairo, Egypt, 1964.

5- Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Razzaq El-Sanhouri: Civil Liability in Civil Law, Dar El-Nahda El-Arabiya, Cairo, Egypt, 2004.

6- Iyad Mutasher Sayhoud: Anticipating the Legal Impact of Artificial Intelligence Technology, Dar El-Nahda El-Arabiya, Cairo, Egypt, 2021.

7- Dr. Hassan Ali Al-Dhanoun: The General Theory of Obligations, Al-Sanhouri Library, Baghdad, Iraq, 1976.

8- Dr. Abdul Majeed Al-Hakim: Sources of Obligations, Legal Library, Baghdad, Iraq, 1977.

9- Karim Bin Sakhra: Civil Liability of the Producer and Mechanisms for Compensating the Injured, Dar Al-Jami'a Al-Jadida, Alexandria, Egypt, 2013.

10- Dr. Nabila Ismail Raslan: Insurance in the Field of Information Technology and Networks, Dar Al-Jami'a Al-Jadida, Alexandria, Egypt, 2007.

11- Dr. Hoda Abdullah: Prospects for Civil Liability, Al-Halabi Legal Publications, 1st ed., Beirut, Lebanon, 2020.

B- Published Research

1- Majida Bouya: Civil Liability Arising from Artificial Intelligence Systems in Moroccan Legislation, Electronic Journal of Legal Research, Issue 14, 2024, pp. (39-61).

2- Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Ibrahim Hassanein: "Artificial Intelligence and Civil Liability for Damages Resulting from Its Application," Legal Journal, Cairo University, Faculty of Law, Khartoum Branch, Volume 15, Issue 1, February 2023, pp. (177-270).

3- Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Al-Sharairy: "Smart Civil Liability for Artificial Intelligence Damages (A Comparative Survey Study), Kuwait International Law School Journal, Tenth Year, Issue 2, Serial Issue 38, March 2022, pp. (357-408).

4- Dr. Mohamed Ali Ahmed Al-Amadwi: "Legal Aspects of Civil Liability for Artificial Intelligence Applications in Jordanian Legislation," Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Journal of Legal Studies, Special Issue, 2024, pp. (116-134).

5- Dr. Mohamed Mohamed Abdel Latif: "Civil Liability for Artificial Intelligence between Private Law and Public Law," Journal of Legal and Economic Research, Issue No. Special to the 20th Annual International Conference "Legal and Economic Aspects of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology", Faculty of Law, Mansoura University, Egypt, May 2021.

6- Dr. Nariman Masoud: Liability for the Action of Intelligent Electronic Systems, Annals of Algeria, Volume 1, Issue 31, Algeria, 2018.

C- Laws

1- Iraqi Civil Code No. (40) of 1951

2- Egyptian Commercial Code No. (17) of 1999

3- French Civil Code as amended by Legislative Order No. 2016-131

4- French Road and Traffic Code (Code de la route francais)

5- Vienna Convention on Road Signs, Markings, Traffic Signals and for the Unification of International Road Traffic of 1968

D- References in French

1- Canvat Rafael: De l’intelligence artificielle dans la pratique du droit: reception en droit europeen incidence sur la profession d’avocat et ethique, Faculte de droit et de criminology, Universite Catholique de Louvin, Thesis 2019- 2020.

2- Florent Thouvenin, Marks Christen, Abraham Bernstein: Un cadre juridique pour l’intelligence artificielle, prise de position, Digital Society Initiative, University of Zurich, Novembre 2021.

3- Grance CATTALANO: L’erreur par l’intelligence artificielle et le droit des obligations, la cittadinan zaaeuro pea online, ISSN 2785- 4183, Iceonline 2/2022. www.Iceonline.eu

4- Helene CHRISTODOULOU: La responsabilite civile extracontractuelle a l’epreuvede l’intelligence artificielle , Universite Toulouse1Capitole, Toulouse CAPITOLE Publications, 2019.

5- Jonathan POUGET: La Responsabilite du dommage impliquant une intelligence artificielle, These de doctorat, Faculte de droit et science politique, Universite Aix- Marseille, 2019.

6- M. Donovan Mear: L’evolution de la responsabilite civile face a l’emergence de l’intelligence artificielle, These de Master, Institut des Assurances de Lyon, Universite Jean Moulin- Lyon III, 2020.

7- Paul Henri, Begeot Corinne, Hepner- Brafman et al. : Intelligence Artificielle, Commission RC APREF, Paris, France, 2023. https://www.apref.org

8- Rafca EL Hawa, Rein Daou, Celine Baaklini: Responsabilite Juridique dand l’ere de L’Intelligence Artificielle: defis et perspectives, USEK Law Journal, n 24, 2024.

9- Thomas Leemans: La Responsabilite Extracontractuelle de l’intelligence Artificielle, Apercu d’un systeme bientot obsolete, Faculte de droit et de criminologie, Universite catholique de Louvain, Annee academique 2016- 2017.

e- Websites

https://aawsat.com

https://ar.wikipedia.org

https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr

Downloads

Published

2025-09-01

How to Cite

Civil Liability for Acts of Artificial Intelligence Technologies (Evolution Amidst Stability). (2025). Ashur Journal of Legal and Political Sciences Is Issued by the Iraqi Association of Legal Sciences, 2(3), 573-606. https://doi.org/10.64184/ajlps.V2.I3.Y2025.P573-606.142

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