(The role of the European Union in strengthening the components of the democratic system)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64184/ajlps.V2.I3.Y2025.P703-730.145Keywords:
Democracy; Components of Democracy; Instruments of the European Union; European Union Charters.Abstract
Recently, there has been growing discussion about the role of the European community in promoting democracy by reconsidering the prevailing political systems in countries around the world, particularly developing countries, on the grounds that these countries do not implement or respect the components of a democratic system. This is either through rigging elections or making them a formality, or by failing to respect the principle of the peaceful transfer of power in accordance with legal requirements, or by violating human rights and fundamental freedoms, particularly those of a political nature. The European Union charters believe that countries' adoption of democracy will undoubtedly help support political stability at the national and international levels, and thus, on the one hand, will prevent many countries from considering entering into wars, while on the other hand, it will reduce the incitement of political strife and internal divisions. This can only be achieved by respecting international charters, which affirm that people cannot exercise their fundamental rights and freedoms except through the establishment of a democratic system.
References
First: Legal Books:-
1- Dr. Ibrahim Ismail Al-Wahhab, The Legal Dictionary, First Edition, Al-Ahliya Printing and Publishing Company, Baghdad, 1963.
2- Muhammad Salim Muhammad Gharawi, Theories of Democracy, First Edition, Wael Publishing House, Amman, 2000.
3- Issam Al-Dibs, Political Systems: Foundations of Political Organization, Dar Al-Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, 2010.
4- Dr. Muhammad Kazim Al-Mashhadani, Political Systems, College of Law, University of Mosul, 1991.
5- Harold Laskey, Freedom in Modern States, translated by Radwan Ezz El-Din, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, Cairo, 1957.
6- Dr. Helen Torrard, The Internationalization of National Constitutions, translated by Basil Youssef, First Edition, Bayt Al-Hikma, Baghdad, 2004
7- Dr. Suleiman Al-Tamawi, The Three Authorities in Contemporary Arab Constitutions, 6th Edition, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Alexandria, 1966.
8- Sameh Fawzi, Citizenship, Cairo Center for Human Rights Studies, Cairo, 2007. Dr. Maggie Al-Halwani, Citizenship in Egypt and Arab Countries (A Comparative Study), Dar Al-Wafa for Printing and Publishing, 2016.
9- Doni Krosh, The Concept of Culture in the Social Sciences, translated by Qasim Al-Miqdad, Arab Writers Union Publications, Damascus, 2002.
10- Ali Khalifa Al-Kuwari, The Concept of Contemporary Democracy, Center for Arab Unity Studies, Lebanon, 2002.
11- Andrew Mandelbaum, Strengthening Parliamentary Accountability, Citizen Participation, and Access to Information, 1st Edition, National Democratic Institute and World Bank Institute.
12- Dr. Zuhair Al-Muzaffar, Constitutional Law and Political Institutions, Part One.
13- The General Theory of Constitutional Law, Center for Administrative Research and Studies, Tunis 1992.
14- Dr. Muhammad al-Majzoub, Constitutional Law and the Most Important Constitutional Systems in the World, Dar al-Jami'ah, Beirut, 1998.
15- Dr. Kamal al-Ghali, Constitutional Law and Political Systems, Military Housing Press, 1987, Damascus.
16- Dr. Munther Rabeh, The European Union and Human Rights, First Edition, Modern Book Foundation, 2017
Second: Legal Journals:-
1- Dr. Mufid Mahmoud Shehab: The United Nations Between Collapse and Reinforcement, Egyptian Journal of International Law, Volume 24, Cairo, 1968.
Third: International Documents:-
- International Declarations:-
1- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948
2- The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789.
- International Treaties:-
1 - The Treaty of Rome of 1957.
- International Charters:-
1 - The United Nations Charter of 1945.
- International Covenants:-
1 - The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.
- General Assembly Resolutions:-
1 - United Nations General Assembly Resolution No. (43/157) of 1988.
2 - United Nations General Assembly Resolution No. (66/163) of 2012.
- International Reports:-
1- Report of the Secretary-General on support by the United Nations system for the efforts of governments to promote and consolidate new democracy, the (50) session of the General Assembly, 1995, issued in document numbered (50/332/A).
Fifth: Websites;-
1-https://elaph.com/amp/Web/Opinion/2018/11/1227378.html
2- https://search.app/ckuHuVhxBt8ufodh7
Sixth: Foreign sources:-
1- Tej Bahadur Singh Deputy Director (Administration) I.J.T.R., U.P., Lucknow, PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS AND CONCENTRATION OF AUTHORITY.
2- Development Portal.EU "Policies for the promotion of human rights, good governance and democracy", retrieved (May 12, 2012).
3- Daniel S. Hamilton, "The United States: Normative power?" in Nathalie Tocci (ed.).
4- The European Commission, Communication on The Inclusion of Respect for Democratic Principles and Human Rights in Agreements between the Community and Third Countries", (Brussels: European Commission, )1995).
5- The European Commission "The European Union's Role In Promoting Human Rights& Democratisation In Third Countries" Communication from The Commission to the Council&European Parliament, COM.252(2001), (Brussels: European Commission, 2001).
35-European Commission COM (2003), "Wider Europe 6- Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours", Brussels, 2003>
7- Council of the European Union, Council Conclusions On Democracy Support in the EU External Relations, Brussels, 17 November 2009..
8-European Commission High Representative Of The European Union For Foreign Affairs &Security Policy, Joint Communication To The European Parliament & the Council "Human Rights And Democracy At The Heart Of EU External Action: Towards A More Effective Approach", Brussels, December 2011.
9-Council Of The European Union, "EU Strategic Framework and Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy", Luxembourg, June 2012.
10-The European Commission, "Democratisation, the rule of law, respect for human rights and good governance: the challenges of the partnership between the European Union and the ACP States", Commission Communication Com .
11- EU Commission, Democracy Building in EU External Relations, Joint paper Commission/ Council General Secretariat SEC (2009) 1095 final, (EU Commission: Brussels, July 2009).
12-JOINT COMMUNICATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Eastern Partnership policy beyond 2020.
13-The Cotonou agreement - Signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000 Revised in Luxembourg on 25 June 2005 Revised in Ouagadougou on 22 June 2010 .
14- The European Commission "The European Union's Role In Promoting Human Rights And Democratisation In Third Countries" Communication from The Commission to the Council & the European Parliament, COM.252(2001), (Brussels: European Commission, 2001)..
15-The European Parliament & the Council, Regulation on establishing a financing instrument for democracy &human rights worldwide, (Strasbourg: European Parliament, 2006.
16- The European Parliament & The Council, Regulation on "Establishing A Financing Instrument For The Promotion of Democracy& Human Rights Worldwide", December 2006.
17- Solveig Richter and Julia Lininger, "Flexible and Un-bureaucratic Democracy Promotion by the EU- The European Endowment for Democracy between Wishful Thinking and Reality", German Institute for International and Security Affairs SWP Comments, No. 26 ,August 2012.
18- The Council of the European Union, Declaration on the Establishment of a European Endowment for Democracy (18764/11), Brussels, December 2011.
19- The European Parliament and the Council, "Regulation of establishing an contributing to stability and peace", Regulation (EU) No 230/2014.
20-The Council of the European Union, Basic Principles on the Use of Restrictive Measures (Sanctions) 10198/1/04 REV 1, Brussels, 2004 .
22- The Council of the European Union, Guidelines on implementation Basic Principles on the Use of Restrictive Measures (Sanctions), (Brussels: Council of the European Union: 2009)..
