International legal protection of religious sites
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64184/ajlps.V3.I1.Y2026.P277-300.238Keywords:
Islamic religion, International protection, International law, Sacred thingsAbstract
Religious sanctities are considered part of the spiritual beliefs of man and an integral part of his life and basic being. Any assault or violation of it, whether in word or deed, is considered an attack on his person, his thoughts, and all religious matters related to him Therefore, organizations and countries have sought to establish legal mechanisms and rules that work to protect religious sanctities from any attack that may affect them, whether this attack is actual or verbal, through what some extremist groups are doing Who publishes articles or topics that include insults to other religions, including Islam, Therefore, in this research, we will attempt to demonstrate the extent of legal and international protection provided for religious sanctities to ensure their safety from the violations that they face and to work to provide legal protection for them.
References
Sources
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Second: Research Papers:
13- Belkheir Sdeed, “International Legal Mechanisms for Combating Offenses against Religious Sanctities,” Journal of Islamic Sciences and Civilization, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2022, Algeria.
14- Talaish Khaled & Shakirin Dilmi, “Israeli Violations against Civilian Objects and Islamic Sanctities in Jerusalem,” Academic Journal for Legal and Political Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2021..
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16- Shafiqa Al-Arbawi, “Mechanisms for Combating Western Insults to the Prophet (PBUH),” Journal of Islamic Sciences and Civilization, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2022, Algeria..
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Third: Theses and Dissertations
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27- Hague Convention of 18 October 1907 respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land..
28- Geneva Convention IV of 1949 relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War..
29- Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 1954..
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31- UNESCO Convention of 1970 on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.
.Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, 1977.32
. .Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, 197733
34-Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, adopted in Rome on 17 July 1998..
Fifth: Resolutions, Declarations, and Official Documents
35. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
36. United Nations Security Council Resolution 271 of 1969, which condemned Israel for burning the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Palestine in 1969.
37. Declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1981 on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief.
38. Draft of the International Law Commission, 2001.
39- Resolution of the International Commission on Human Rights of April 13, 2005 to combat abuse and denigration of religions.
Sixth: Articles
40- Tayebi Warda, “The Role of International Humanitarian Law in Protecting Cultural Property (Occupied Jerusalem),” Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Badji Mokhtar, Algeria, 2024.
Seventh: Websites
41- Baha Mahmoud, “Risks of Extremism,” 13 September 2023, Future for Advanced Research and Studies, available at: http://www.futureuae.com
42- Alaa Ibrahim Mahmoud Al-Husseini, “The Crime of Violating the Sanctity of Holy Religious Sites (Al-Baqi' as a Model),” 22 October 2016, available at: http://ademrights.org
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“44- The Second Samarra Bombing (Backgrounds and Implications),” Documentary and Information Center publication, available at: http://annabaa-org
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46- Official Website of the United Nations, 13 April 2005, available at: http://news.un.org
47- Official Website of the UN General Assembly, available at: http://www.un.org
48- Official Website of the UN Human Rights Committee, available at: http://www.ohchr.org
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